大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓的设计

本研究针对大农户玉米穗储藏的实际情况，研制了大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓，并对其进行了装粮试验。结果表明：该型储粮仓机械性能稳定，结构组装方便，降水、防霉、防鼠效果显著，可有效降低粮食产后损失，保证粮食品质。 [关键词] 粮仓|玉米穗|机械通风     

大樱桃贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

大樱桃营养丰富,色泽鲜艳,口感香甜,具有补中益气、祛风湿等功效,非常受市场欢迎。但由于大樱桃采摘后易软化腐败,不易保存,因此需要加强大樱桃保鲜研究。本文介绍了大樱桃采前因素对贮藏品质的影响及控制措施,并总结了大樱桃低温保鲜、气调保鲜、涂膜保鲜、减压保鲜、辐照保鲜及保鲜剂处理等保鲜技术的研究进展,以期促进大樱桃保鲜技术的发展,减少腐损率,提高经济效益。     

不同施氮水平下灌浆期高温对水稻贮藏蛋白积累及其合成代谢影响

【目的】 揭示不同施氮水平下灌浆结实期高温对稻米贮藏蛋白积累及其组分的影响,明确不同温氮处理组合下稻米贮藏蛋白合成积累过程与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【方法】 以2个主栽常规晚粳品种（秀水134和秀水09）为材料,利用盆栽土培试验,在水稻穗分化期设低氮（每盆0.5 g尿素）和高氮（每盆2.0 g尿素）2个氮水平,继而通过在水稻灌浆结实期的人工气候箱控温试验,设置高温（日均温度30℃,日最高温和最低温分别为34℃和26℃）和常温（日均温度23℃,日最高温和最低温分别为26℃和20℃）,构成低氮-常温（LN-NT）、低氮-高温（LN-HT）、高氮-常温（HN-NT）、高氮-高温（HN-HT）4个处理组合,并结合水稻籽粒灌浆不同时期取样,探讨氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白积累和主要蛋白组分含量影响及其与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【结果】 氮素穗肥和灌浆期高温均会导致稻米粗蛋白相对含量上升,但在高温处理下单位籽粒中粗蛋白的绝对量却呈降低趋势,以13 kD醇溶蛋白亚基组分在高温处理下的下降幅度最大,从而引起籽粒谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白质比值的上升,其原因主要是由于编码水稻13 kD醇溶蛋白合成基因（Pro13, Pro14和Pro17）在高温处理下的下调表达所致。与之相比,增施氮素穗肥（HN-NT和HN-HT）在引起稻米粗蛋白相对含量提升的同时,单位籽粒中的粗蛋白总量、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著增加,但对贮藏蛋白谷/醇比的影响不明显,且谷蛋白组分中的37 kD酸性亚基和22 kD碱性亚基在不同氮处理水平下的相对比例也基本保持稳定;氮素穗肥可增强灌浆籽粒中的谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性,但HN-HT处理下的籽粒GS、GOT和GPT活性显著低于HN-NT处理,高温胁迫对水稻灌浆中后期籽粒器官中的氮转运代谢具有抑制作用。此外,在不同氮素水平下,灌浆期高温均可引起稻米整精米率的明显下降和垩白度的显著上升,但HN-HT处理的千粒重、结实率、产量水平、整精米率却高于LN-HT处理,且前者的稻米垩白度显著低于后者,氮素穗肥不足加剧了高温胁迫对千粒重、结实率、整精米率和垩白度等产量和品质性状的负面影响。 【结论】 氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白合成积累起重要调节作用,增施氮素穗肥虽然对水稻籽粒灌浆过程中的谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白质合成具有促进作用,并导致稻米贮藏蛋白相对量与绝对量增加,但对于高温灌浆下13kD醇溶蛋白亚基合成及其组分含量下降具有一定程度的缓解效应,有利于维持贮藏蛋白谷/醇比相对稳定。     

采后亚硒酸钠处理对菠菜和油麦菜贮藏品质的影响

以菠菜及油麦菜为试材，研究采后亚硒酸钠处理对其低温(4±1)℃贮藏品质的影响。结果表明，2.0 mg/L亚硒酸钠溶液浸泡20 min处理可抑制菠菜及油麦菜失重率的上升，延缓叶绿素含量的下降，保持可溶性固形物含量，减缓菠菜腐烂率及油麦菜褐变度的上升，有效延长其贮藏保鲜期。     

灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain~(–1))的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大于单一高温或高氮处理,但在高氮水平下由高温引起稻米醇溶蛋白含量的下降幅度却小于其低氮对照,有利于稻米醇溶蛋白含量在不同温度处理下的相对稳定。     

Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

基于区块链的食用菌质量安全溯源系统设计

为了实现食用菌质量安全溯源,在食用菌质量安全溯源系统现状的基础上,利用区块链技术的去中心化分布式存储结构,保证了食用菌溯源数据的安全可靠。基于区块链技术设计了食用菌质量安全溯源系统,给出了追溯体系的总体架构和主要业务流程,有针对性地解决了食用菌溯源系统中存在问题。实现了食用菌全周期全流程的信息溯源,为消费者提供了真实、可靠的溯源信息。     

不同浓度1-MCP对柿果保鲜效果研究及灰色关联性分析

以恭城月柿为试材，采用精准相温（-0.5±0.3）℃结合不同浓度（0（CK）、1、3、5 ?滋L/L）1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）的处理方式，探索1-MCP最佳处理浓度及对柿果保鲜效果的影响。结果表明，不同浓度1-MCP处理均可保持柿果的感官品质、色泽及抗坏血酸（VC）含量，降低乙烯呼吸速率和丙二醛含量，从而达到延长贮藏期和维持柿果品质的目的，且随着贮藏时间的延长，保鲜效果更加显著，但是对可滴定酸（TA）含量及呼吸强度并无显著影响。灰色关联分析可知，4个处理的关联度分别为0.566、0.885、0.654、0.722，按大小排序为1 ?滋L/L 1-MCP＞5 ?滋L/L 1-MCP＞3 ?滋L/L 1-MCP＞CK，说明采用浓度为1 ?滋L/L 1-MCP处理柿果能够具有最佳贮藏效果，5 ?滋L/L 1-MCP次之，3 ?滋L/L 1-MCP效果较差。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.